Grounding, Quantifiers, and Paradoxes

Abstract The notion of grounding is usually conceived as an objective and explanatory relation. It connects two relata if one—the ground—determines or explains the other—the consequence. In contemporary literature on grounding, much effort has been devoted to logically characterize formal aspects but a major hard problem remains: defining suitable principles for universal existential formulae. Indeed, several quantified formulae have proposed, all them are exposed paradoxes in some very natural contexts application. We introduce this paper first-order system that captures avoids novel non-trivial way. we present formally develops Bolzano’s ideas by employing Hilbert’s ε -terms adapted version Fine’s theory arbitrary objects.